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LEARNING ENGLISH

The Sequence of Tenses

Understanding the sequence of tenses will help you do many things:

It helps you explain what someone else said (indirect quotations)

It helps you with conditional sentences (using the word "if")

It helps you make sentences using the word "wish"

Here are some examples:



Someone says, "I need to go to the store."

She said that she needed to go to the store.

You change "need" to "needed" but the situation is still in the present. This is a strange thing about English, but many Americans do this properly without thinking about it.

Here's another example:


If you could meet me at the airport, I would be grateful.

In this situation, "can" changes to "could." Why? Because "if" is present and the sentence is conditional. We will practice conditional sentences in Lessons 11, 12, and 13.

Here's an example using "wish":

I wish I had been at the party last night.

This sentence indicates that something did not happen in the past, but it uses the past perfect to express it. Confused? Take a look at the chart below and then go on to the next three lessons.

The Sequence of Tenses

Original Tense Changed to....


Present _________ Past

Present Continuous ______ Past Continuous

Past _________________Past Perfect

Present Perfect ______________ Past Perfect

Will ___________________________ would

Can ______________________________could

May _______________________________ might

ENGLISH IDIOMS

To "call someone on something" is to publicly criticize an obvious flaw. Ex.: "Robert was criticizing John's performance, but John called out Robert on his own poor performance." So someone leading with his chin (below) exposes himself to being called out on his own shortcomings. - J


1. To "lead with your chin" is to attack in such a way that leaves you exposed to counter-attack. You are on offense, but you are vulnerable. This is a boxing reference. Ex.: "Robert led with his chin when he criticized John's performance while Robert's own is so poor." - J
2. To "call someone on something" is to publicly criticize an obvious flaw. Ex.: "Robert was criticizing John's performance, but John called out Robert on his own poor performance." So someone leading with his chin (below) exposes himself to being called out on his own shortcomings. - J
3. In business, buying something "at a premium" means paying over and above what would normally be a fair price. So, the price is high. Ex.: "Investors had to buy oil at a premium today because of the recent refinery explosion in Venezuela." (This is just an example of possible use. - J
4. Usually people refer to "cutting" costs, but "slashing" costs implies deeper, more violent cuts (reductions). Also, while "fat" is excess, "muscle" is what you need to function (and make money) as a business. Therefore, "cutting to the bone" implies excessive cuts that cripple the organization or government. - J

ANOTHER and OTHER

e.g.
1. There are 5 other countries in Australia
2. Do you want another cup of tea?
3. there are 2 cars. the one is expensive. let's go to the others
4. others any letters, Iwan?

Anonim
b/R 212








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"ANOTHER and OTHER"

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